Pokok Pikiran tentang Pertahanan dan Keamanan Negara

Sukhoi Su-30 TNI AU
Sukhoi Su-30 TNI AU

Apabila kita hendak membahas segala sesuatu yang berhubungan dengan pertahanan dan keamanan suatu Negara, maka seyogyanya kita harus dapat melihatnya dari dimensi yang utuh.
Kita harus mulai melihatnya dari unsur-unsur ketiga matra (darat, laut dan udara) yang sangat erat mempengaruhi cara berpikir strategis tentang bagaimana mengelola sistem pertahanan dan keamanan Negara.
Petualangan umat manusia di atas daratan dapat dikatakan sudah selesai dalam arti manusia sudah mengetahui dengan pasti batas dari daratan tempat mereka hidup.
Demikian pula apabila kita membahas tentang perairan atau matra laut, manusia dengan ilmu pengetahuan yang dimilikinya sudah memahami benar sampai dimana gerangan wilayah perairan di permukaan bumi ini.
Akan tetapi bila orang sudah mulai membicarakan tentang udara, angkasa, ruang angkasa atau dirgantara, maka sampai detik ini pun tidak seorang manusia di permukaan bumi ini yang tahu di mana sebenarnya batas ruang udara itu.
Dengan perkataan yang sederhana tentang perjalanan dan atau petualangan umat manusia, maka dapat dikatakan bahwa perjalanan manusia di daratan sudah selesai, demikian pula petualangan di lautan luas sudah mencapai garis batasnya yang sangat jelas diketahui keberadaannya.
Dengan membandingkan kedua matra tersebut, maka bila kita coba membahas tentang udara yang hingga kini tidak diketahui batasnya, sebenarnya kita dapat memaklumi untuk mengatakan udara adalah dimensi dari satu perjalanan yang baru saja dimulai.
Kita belum tahu sampai di mana keberadaan udara itu, di mana batasnya, di mana udara akan berakhir. Ilmu pengetahuan manusia belum dapat mencapai satu pengetahuan dan pemahaman seberapa luas dirgantara kita ini.
Dengan kondisi seperti itu, maka dapat dikatakan bahwa udara adalah “masa depan” umat manusia. Darat dan laut adalah masa lalu dan masa sekarang sementara udara masih memberikan harapan yang luas bagi kehidupan umat manusia.
Itu pula sebabnya perlombaan menggali ilmu pengetahuan dalam konteks ekplorasi udara dan ruang angkasa telah menjadi ajang persaingan yang sengit dari orang-orang cerdas di negara-negara maju.
Karena menyangkut masa depan umat manusia yang hidup dipermukaan bumi, maka negara-negara yang bermusuhan dalam perang dunia yang lalu, kini bersatu padu melakukan dan mengembangkan ilmu pengetahuan dalam upaya menembus udara dan ruang angkasa untuk sebesar-besar kemaslahatan manusia di bumi ini.
Manusia yang keberadaannya terus berkembang memprediksi bahwa daratan dan lautan tempat mereka tinggal, pada satu ketika sudah tidak sanggup lagi memberikan kehidupan. Udara dan ruang angkasa telah menjadi harapan hidup masa depan.
Kesemua itu kemudian menjadi sangat penting, bila kita hendak membicarakan mengenai pertahanan keamanan negara, karena Indonesia pada kenyataannya adalah sebuah Negara yang terdiri dari 1/3 daratan, 2/3 perairan atau lautan dan 3/3 nya terdiri dari unsur udara. (Prof.DR.Priyatna Abdurrasyid).
Udara dari perspektif Kedaulatan Sebuah Negara
Pertahanan dan Keamanan Negara sebenarnya akan bermuara pada format, atau sangat erat bertaut dengan apa yang sering kita kenal sebagai kedaulatan atau kehormatan dan harga diri dari sebuah negara.
Bila matra udara akan kita tinjau dari sudut pandang kedaulatan negara, maka akan sangat menarik bila dicermati uraian dari Prof (em) Dr.E. Saefullah Wiradipraja,SH,LL.M.
Uraian Sang Professor adalah sebagai berikut :
From a state sovereignty point of view, the role of airspace above its territory is so important and strategic, not only for the economy, but also for the politics, social, culture and for the defence and security of the country as well.
There is no state in the world wich does not have airspace territory, but there are some States which do not have waters (seas) territories.
The sovereignty of a state over the airspace above its territory has been recognized by International Convention, i e Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention 1994).
This recognition is not only for the contracting state but also for all states eventhough they are not member of the Convention.
The strange things is that Indonesia as an archipelagic state with more than 17.000 islands, there is no article in its Constitution which states that airspace above its territory is under the sovereignty of Indonesia, eventhough the Constitution has already been revised four times.
In article 33 (3) of the Constitution 1945 (as the original text) states that “land and waters and natural resources which exist in them are under the control of State and used for the greatest of people prosperity” (“airspace” is not included)
Uraian tersebut dengan gamblang mengutarakan betapa pemahaman tentang keberadaan udara sebagai sebuah unsur penting dan strategis dari sebuah negara ternyata masih belum juga memperoleh perhatian yang memadai untuk dicantumkan dalam konstitusi Negara Republik Indonesia.
Unsur utama dari sebuah Negara
Kalau kita akan membahas lebih lanjut tentang pertahanan dan keamanan Negara, mungkin akan lebih memudahkan bila kita melihat terlebih dahulu tentang hal yang berhubungan langsung dengan unsur-unsur utama dari sebuah negara.
Salah satu referensi yang dapat memudahkan pemahaman kita mengenai unsur utama sebuah negara adalah Konvensi Montevideo tahun 1933.
Ada empat faktor yang telah dicantumkan dalam konvensi Montevideo di tahun 1933 itu yaitu wilayah, penduduk yang tetap, pemerintahan yang efektif dan diakui keberadaannya atau internationally recognize.
Dengan demikian setiap saat kita membicarakan tentang keberadaan sebuah Negara maka sudah seharusnya akan berhubungan langsung dengan wilayah dari negara itu, kemudian juga mengenai keberadaan penduduk yang menetap secara tetap di wilayah tersebut.
Demikian pula, wilayah dan penduduk yang tetap itu sudah harus memiliki satu sistem pemerintahan yang berjalan efektif dalam arti memiliki kemampuan dalam menjalankan roda pemerintahannya dengan baik.
Tidak hanya wilayah, penduduk dan pemerintahan yang efektif, akan tetapi juga diperyaratkan sebagai “diakui” keberadaanya dalam pentas internasional, atau sering juga disebut sebagai “Internationally Recognize”. Itu semua yang tercantum di Konvensi Montevideo tahun 1933.
Wilayah dan Kedaulatan hubungannya dengan UUD 1945
Berikutnya, marilah kita bahas tentang bagaimana hubungan sebuah wilayah atau wilayah tertentu dengan kedaulatan.
Wilayah adalah merupakan sebuah landasan bagi keberadaan “kedaulatan”. Jadi Wilayah dan Kedaulatan memiliki hubungan yang “mutlak”.
Sementara itu, kedaulatan akan memungkinkan atau menimbulkan adanya “kewenangan eksklusif bagi sebuah tindakan hukum untuk melarang pemerintahan asing melakukan tindakan apapun tanpa ijin.”
Itu sebabnya, maka tanpa sebuah kedaulatan, suatu Negara tidak akan mungkin dapat melaksanakan “Hak dan Kewajibannya”.
Sekarang, marilah kita melihat UUD 1945 terutama pada Pasal 33 ayat (3) yang bunyinya sebagai berikut :
Bumi, air dan kekayaan alam yang terkandung didalamnya dikuasai oleh Negara dan dipergunakan untuk sebesar-besarnya kemakmuran rakyat.
Dapat dilihat dengan sangat jelas makna dalam uraian pasal (3) tersebut bahwa tidak terdapat kata “udara” di situ. Dengan uraian yang seperti itu maka akan sangat mudah untuk dipahami bahwa Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia hanya berdaulat terhadap Tanah/daratan serta Air/Laut dan perairan pedalaman.
Undang–undang Dasar 1945 tidak atau belum mencantumkan “udara” sebagai yang harus dikuasai oleh negara dan dipergunakan untuk sebesar-besarnya kemakmuran rakyat.
Realita yang dihadapi adalah bahwa memang telah ada beberapa undang-undang dan perturan penerbangan yang sudah mencantumkan atau menyebut bahwa udara adalah juga merupakan bagian dari kedaulatan Negara.
Beberapa diantaranya adalah : Undang–undang nomor 1 Tahun 2009 tentang Penerbangan pada Bab I Pasal 1 dan juga pada Bab IV Pasal 5.
Selain itu juga terdapat pada Undang-undang nomor 6 tahun 1996 Tentang perairan Indonesia Bab II Pasal 4.
Masalahnya adalah undang-undang tersebut bila dirunut kemana undang-undang tersebut mengacu atau bersandar sebagai pijakannya, maka dia akan terputus dan tidak nyambung atau dapat bersandar kepada konstitusi Negara, dalam hal ini Undang-undang Dasar 1945
Kelemahan sebagai Negara yang Kaya
Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia, tidak hanya merupakan negara kepulauan dengan lebih dari 17.000 pulau, akan tetapi juga merupakan “The biggest archipelagic state in the World” , yang sekaligus juga berada pada letak strategis yang sangat menentukan dalam sistem perhubungan/komunikasi global.
Nilai strategisnya menjadi bertambah berkali lipat karena Indonesia juga membujur panjang pada alur garis khatulistiwa. Indonesia adalah the longest state along the Equator, tempat atau lokasi yang paling ideal untuk mengorbitkan satelit geostasioner (GSO).
Airspace Indonesia tidak hanya merupakan kawasan yang paling luas cakupannya di kawasan Asean dan Pasifik Selatan tetapi juga memiliki nilai ekonomi yang paling tinggi, karena berada diantara 2 benua dan 2 samudera.
Lebih jauh lagi, Indonesia atau kawasan nusantara ini adalah sebuah kawasan yang “sangat” kaya akan sumber daya alamnya.
Dengan jumlah penduduk sekitar 250 juta jiwa, maka tidak dapat disangsikan lagi bila ada yang mengutarakan bahwa Indonesia adalah pada kenyataannya sebuah Negara yang kaya.
Sayangnya adalah bahwa sudah ratusan bahkan ribuan tahun yang lalu, Asia Timur Jauh termasuk Indonesia dijajah atau menjadi koloni negara-negara barat.
Kekayaannya tidak atau belum dinikmati rakyatnya sendiri akan tetapi sudah sejak dahulu kala dinikmati negara lain.
Salah satu penyebab utamanya adalah, karena tidak memiliki kekuatan laut yang sanggup melawan atau sekedar bertahan dari serbuan negara-negara barat.
Alfred Thayer Mahan yang hidup di tahun 1800-an, seorang Laksamana Laut US Navy, ahli geostrategic dan sejarawan terkenal, mengatakan bahwa konsep dari kekuatan laut atau “sea-power” adalah “Base on the idea that countries with greater naval power will have greater world wide impact”.
Jadi kita harus melihat kepada sejarah terlebih dahulu sebelum kemudian menentukan akan kemana kita pergi.
Sejarawan Inggris terkenal, bernama Peter Carey, saat merayakan hari ulang tahun Pangeran Diponegoro ke 228, pada 11 November 2013 meluncurkan buku tentang Pangeran Diponegoro yang diberi judul “Takdir”.
Di dalam buku yang setebal ratusan halaman itu ada tulisan menarik tentang Indonesia. Tulisan yang merefleksikan kekecewaan dirinya (Peter Carey) terhadap sikap orang Indonesia terhadap sejarahnya sendiri.
Berikut ini adalah sepotong kutipannya “Tanpa cinta dan penghargaan pada sejarah mereka sendiri, Indonesia akan terpecah dan orang-orang Indonesia akan hidup terkutuk selamanya di pinggiran dunia yang meng-global tanpa tahu siapa diri mereka sebenarnya dan akan kemana mereka pergi”
Dasar filosofis tentang Pertahanan Keamanan Negara
Dalam membahas tentang sektor pertahanan keamanan negara, untuk memudahkannya adalah melihat kepada dasar pemikiran dari upaya mengamankan sebuah rumah.
Karena prinsip dari sebuah upaya pengamanan adalah selalu bersandar pada upaya mencegah dari pada menanggulangi karena sudah terlanjur terjadi.
Upaya pengamanan rumah akan selalu berorientasi dan fokus kepada usaha mencegah maling masuk dan bukan mengupayakan untuk memiliki kemampuan mengejar-ngejar maling yang sudah terlanjur masuk rumah.
Itu sebabnya, maka kebanyakan atau bahkan hampir semua rumah membangun pagar di sepanjang garis batas tanah yang dikuasainya, dalam upaya mencegah maling masuk.
Analog dengan itu maka semua negara sebenarnya juga membangun pagar di sepanjang perbatasan negaranya untuk mencegah maling masuk.
Karena dimensi sebuah negara itu sangat luas, maka dapat dikatakan tidak mungkin sebuah negara akan sanggup membangun pagar di sepanjang garis perbatasan negaranya. Padahal, sejarah dunia membuktikan bahwa penyebab perang dan ajang sengketa antar negara selalu akan bermula dari garis perbatasan negara.
Dengan demikian maka Negara-negara di permukaan bumi ini akan lebih memprioritaskan terlebih dahulu untuk memagari garis perbatasan dari negaranya yang berpotensi menjadi ajang sengketa. Memagari terlebih dahulu kawasan perbatasan rawan konflik. Memagari “critical border”nya.
Ini semua yang menjelaskan kepada kita semua, mengapa China membangun “Tembok China” atau “The Great Wall” yang dibangun tanpa henti hampir lebih dari 3 generasi. Itu adalah “critical border” Negara China.
Demikian pula kita mengenal “Tembok Berlin” dan kemudian juga SDI (Strategic Defense Inisiative) nya Ronald Reagan di era Perang dingin. Sebuah pagar imajiner yang bertujuan membendung ICBM (Intercontinental Balistic Missile) dari blok timur (Pakta Warsawa) yang mengarah pada sasaran strategis Negara-negara NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization).
Dalam konteks yang seperti itulah kemudian dengan mudah dapat dianalogikan pada daerah perbatasan Indonesia yang sebagian besar berujud perairan, maka dibutuhkan (pagar perbatasan) yang berupa kekuatan laut yang memadai.
Namun harus diingat bahwa kekuatan laut tanpa kekuatan udara yang memayunginya (Air Superiority dan Air Supremacy) maka tidak aka nada artinya apa-apa.
Negeri ini membutuhkan kekuatan laut dan kekuatan udara yang cukup untuk tujuan pertahanan dan keamanan Sang Ibu Pertiwi dan Bapak Angkasa.
Nenek Moyangku orang Pelaut, anak cucuku adalah insan dirgantara ! Penulis : Chappy Hakim (Mantan KSAU)

Sumber : http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2016/02/29/12110511/Pokok.Pikiran.tentang.Pertahanan.dan.Keamanan.Negara
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